Consciousness is at once the most familiar thing to us, and perhaps the most mysterious. Why does conscious experience arise, and what is its nature? Is it a physical entity, or something else entirely? To what extent are other lifeforms conscious, and could we ever recreate their experiences? These difficult questions form the basis of the so-called 'hard problem' of conscious experience, an area of research receiving growing attention.
Within philosophy, the debate around consciousness is fierce. The following reading list is designed to provide you with a thorough introduction to the problem of consciousness, as well as a well-rounded view of leading solutions to it.
In his 1996 book The Conscious Mind, David J. Chalmers fleshes out the 'hard problem' of consciousness with considerable force.
Though challenging in places, this book is a brilliant survey of the field and a powerful critique of reductionist thinking. Reading it, you will feel the 'hard problem' of consciousness in your bones.
Daniel Dennett's landmark Consciousness Explained, published in 1991, is packed full of mind-bending thought experiments about how we experience the world.
Dennett believes many of our difficulties with consciousness - including the 'hard problem' - are mere illusions (sorry Chalmers!). An entertaining and stimulating read, this book will seriously challenge your intuitions. (See my full list of Dennett's best books here).
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3. Conversations on Consciousness, by Susan Blackmore
If you're looking for an overview of just how varied and radical the ideas within the field of consciousness can be, Susan Blackmore's 2005 Conversations on Consciousness is a fantastic choice.
Using wide-ranging interviews with leading thinkers and scientists of the field, including Chalmers and Dennett, Blackmore takes you on a mind-stretching trip from physicalism to dualism – and everything in between.
4. Other Minds: The Octopus, the Sea, and the Deep Origins of Consciousness, by Peter Godfrey-Smith
In his fascinating 2016 book Other Minds, Peter Godfrey-Smith not only examines the weird mystery of consciousness, but charts its potential evolution from when life began.
Drawing on his experience as a philosopher and enthusiastic scuba diver, he thoughtfully uses the octopus, a deeply alien yet oddly intelligent creature, to trace our inner lives back to their roots, and beautifully weaves in the story of how nature became aware of itself.
5. The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, by Julian Jaynes
With a title like that, it's worth getting this book just to show off. As well as a bragging right, however, Julian Jaynes's 1976 Origin of Consciousness is an absolute classic.
Jaynes puts forward the controversial idea that human consciousness emerged as recently as 3,000 years ago, and that prior to this the brain had two separate 'bicameral' chambers, which led people to interpret their own thoughts as the words of gods.
The introductory chapters of Origin of Consciousness are not so outlandish, however: in them, Jaynes offers perhaps the most lucid and poetic summary of the philosophy of consciousness in existence.
And, if nothing else, Jaynes's epic is a tour de force in carrying out a seemingly crazy philosophical argument from start to finish – and doing so convincingly.
Further reading
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Jack MadenFounder Philosophy Break
👋 My name’s Jack, and I’m the Founder and Director of Philosophy Break. I’m currently writing a book, The Philosophy Prescription, which is due for publication by Torva (Penguin Random House) in Autumn 2026. Learn more about me and Philosophy Break here.
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