Henry David Thoreau (1817 - 1862) was an American writer, philosopher, and naturalist perhaps best known for exiling himself to a shack in the woods for two years in Concord, Massachusetts, and producing his famous 1854 book, Walden.
Why did he do so? Well, as he puts it:
I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived.
Influenced by fellow philosopher, his friend and mentor Ralph Waldo Emerson, who owned the portion of woodland in which Thoreau built his shack (see my list of Emerson’s best books here), Thoreau set out to meditate on life, society, and the role of the individual. He wrote that:
The mass of men lead lives of quiet desperation.
Thoreau sought an antidote to this desperation. How can we live lives of freedom and purpose? How can we participate in society while maintaining our individuality? How can we live in a way that is true to ourselves?
Thoreau’s answers to these questions emphasized the importance of getting out into the natural world, and of our need to each establish meaning and purpose individually.
As the 19th-century Danish philosopher Kierkegaard also argues when discussing the meaning of life, we will not find fulfillment in objectivity or conformity, Thoreau thinks; we must maintain our subjectivity, acknowledge our individuality, and answer the questions life poses for ourselves.
Thoreau’s work greatly informed Transcendentalism, a 19th-century philosophical movement spearheaded by Emerson and Margaret Fuller that believes in the inherent goodness — even divinity — of nature and humanity.
Within this picture, Transcendentalists see society as a corrupting force, as a conspiracy against individuality.
They believe — as set out with masterful prose in Emerson’s famous essay on self-reliance — that we are at our best when we are left to our own devices in nature, when we are self-reliant; and that cooperation and morality come naturally, and need not be legislated by the state.
If the practices of the state come into conflict with our own conscience, Transcendentalists thus advise us to prioritize the needs of our own conscience.
And, as we discuss below, in his 1849 essay Civil Disobedience, Thoreau presents his hugely influential framework for how we might do so: by maintaining our individual dignity while protesting against the state in non-violent fashion.
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Though he confronts some of the most difficult aspects of the human condition, Thoreau’s prose contains a powerful clarity of thought that few have matched before or since.
This reading list attempts to capture that clarity of thought by presenting the best books on and by Henry David Thoreau.
After reading some of the books on this list, you’ll understand why this great American writer has been so influential over the last 150 years, and why his work continues to be celebrated today.
Thoreau originally went to Walden Pond to write his first book, A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, in memory of his brother, who passed away very young, and to whom Thoreau was very close.
The book we now know and love as Walden emerges from Thoreau’s initial journal entries upon arriving in the woods.
Though he was not totally isolated during the two years he spent at Walden Pond — he received visitors, and went home for Sunday dinners — Thoreau created enough space between himself and civilization to expertly dissect the extent to which conformity infects our individuality.
It is this incisive dissection that imbues Walden with its power: Thoreau meditates beautifully on the power of the natural world, his role within it, and the nefarious ways in which society and the accumulation of wealth alienates us from nature, each other, and ourselves.
If you’re looking for an insight into Thoreau’s Transcendentalist, naturalist, beautiful view on the world, Walden is the perfect gateway, and belongs on your bookshelf.
Fueled by his outrage at slavery and the American-Mexican war, Thoreau’s essay Civil Disobedience calls for all citizens to value their own conscience above anything legislated by law, and has been highly influential since its publication in 1849.
Thoreau was aghast that his tax dollars were being used to fund activities — slavery and war — that he vehemently disagreed with.
Unable to square his financial contribution with his own conscience, he thus stopped paying his taxes, and spent time in prison for doing so.
For Thoreau, going to prison was a better outcome — a freer outcome — than acting against his own conscience.
This episode in Thoreau’s life is a prime example of the non-violent protest he champions throughout Civil Disobedience, and his method inspired later figures like Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.
But here Thoreau is actually quoting from the masthead of the libertarian publication U.S. Democratic Review.
He goes on to expand this position, not necessarily calling for no government, but calling for better government — he wants the government to focus on what it is good at, like building infrastructure, and not infiltrate the moral sphere.
For, in the realms of morality and living a good life, Thoreau argues, it is self-governance that must take precedence.
If you’re interested in how Thoreau reconciles his emphasis on individual autonomy with participation in collective society — and in reading an essay that has had huge political influence in the years since it was written — Civil Disobedience is for you.
3. The Journal of Henry David Thoreau, by Henry David Thoreau
As we discussed above, Thoreau’s Walden emerged from his initial journal entries.
Fans of Walden, then: rejoice, for Thoreau kept a journal all his life — and the same strong narrative voice speaks from these pages.
We get an insight into Thoreau’s day-to-day existence (which involves a wonderful amount of walking in nature), his sensitivity to the beauty of the natural world, his passion for ecology and plantlife, and of course his nuanced insights into the ways in which society corrupts the purity of natural human life.
This edition of The Journal of Henry David Thoreau, edited by Damion Searls, condenses Thoreau’s original 16,000+ pages of journal entries into a single, 700-page volume.
With his selections, Searls does a fantastic job in giving an overall impression of Thoreau’s life and thought, and provides brilliant contextual analysis along the way.
If you’re seeking a one-stop shop for Thoreau’s work, then look no further than The Portable Thoreau, an excellent collection of Thoreau’s best works, edited by Jeffrey S. Cramer.
The Portable Thoreau contains the full text of Walden, Civil Disobedience, as well as some of his most thoughtful and celebrated essays, including Walking, The Last Days of John Brown, and Life Without Principle.
It also contains extracts from his journal, as well as his books The Maine Woods, in which he recounts the interior and exterior discoveries from three separate visits, and Cape Cod, where he reports his reflections while walking along the Massachusetts coastline.
The Portable Thoreau also treats us to 18 of Thoreau’s poems, as well as a scholarly introduction, biographical sketch, and epilogue.
If you’re looking to get into Thoreau’s work, this edition is a great option.
5. Henry David Thoreau: A Life, by Laura Dassow Walls
If you’re looking to learn more about the life Thoreau lived and the events that shaped his work, Laura Dassow Walls’s Henry David Thoreau: A Life is a luminous biography, excellently researched and engagingly written.
Walls charts Thoreau’s fascinating life from cradle to grave, and provides exceptional contextual detail throughout — including the untimely death of his brother, his days as a Harvard student, his association with the Transcendentalism and intellectual circle of Ralph Waldo Emerson, his radical politics, his environmentalism, and what his brilliant prose says about America then and now.
Walls writes,
The Thoreau I sought was not in any book, so I wrote this one.
Indeed, Henry David Thoreau: A Life is a masterly tribute to the life and work of one of America’s greatest thinkers.
If you like Thoreau, this brilliant biography will only enrich and deepen your appreciation of his work.
Further reading
Are there any other books you think should be on this list? Let us know via email or drop us a message on Twitter or Instagram.
In the meantime, why not explore more of our reading lists on the best philosophy books:
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About the Author
Jack MadenFounder Philosophy Break
Having received great value from studying philosophy for 15+ years (picking up a master’s degree along the way), I founded Philosophy Break in 2018 as an online social enterprise dedicated to making the subject’s wisdom accessible to all. Learn more about me and the project here.
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