The Best Philosophy Books

Explore our curated reading lists of the best and most important philosophy books, organized by subject and philosopher.

Philosophy is a vast subject that cannot be practically broken down into a single reading list. We’ve organized philosophy’s best books both by subject — from core branches like metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics, to particular movements like existentialism and Stoicism — as well as by individual philosophers, from Socrates and Confucius, to Friedrich Nietzsche and Hannah Arendt.

If you’re not sure where to start, try our reading list on the best introductions to philosophy, which is ideal for those seeking a broad overview. Otherwise, take your pick from the lists below.

Will you chart the history of Western philosophy? Will you learn about the philosophy of language? Will you investigate the mystery of free will? The choice is (not) yours!

Philosophical Subjects

Book, Pipe and Glasses, by Juan Gris
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An Introduction to Philosophy

The Best 6 Books to Read

Fruit and Book, by Juan Gris
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The History of Western Philosophy

The Best 5 Books to Read

The Book, by Juan Gris
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Metaphysics

The Best 10 Books to Read

The Open Book, by Juan Gris
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Epistemology

The Best 9 Books to Read

Compotier, Carafe and Open Book, by Juan Gris
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Ethics and Morality

The Best 10 Books to Read

Book, Pipe and Glasses, by Juan Gris
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Consciousness

The Best 5 Books to Read

Fruit and Book, by Juan Gris
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Free Will

The Best 7 Books to Read

The Book, by Juan Gris
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Political Philosophy

The Best 14 Books to Read

The Open Book, by Juan Gris
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Philosophy of Language

The Best 7 Books to Read

Compotier, Carafe and Open Book, by Juan Gris
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Buddhist Philosophy

The Best 7 Books to Read

Book, Pipe and Glasses, by Juan Gris
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Confucianism

The Best 6 Books to Read

Fruit and Book, by Juan Gris
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Epicureanism

The Best 6 Books to Read

The Book, by Juan Gris
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Stoicism

The Best 7 Books to Read

The Open Book, by Juan Gris
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Marxism

The Best 6 Books to Read

Compotier, Carafe and Open Book, by Juan Gris
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Existentialism

The Best 9 Books to Read

Individual Philosophers

Book, Pipe and Glasses, by Juan Gris
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Socrates

The Best 6 Books to Read

Fruit and Book, by Juan Gris
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Plato

The Best 6 Books to Read

Aristotle with a Bust of Homer, by Rembrandt (1653)
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Aristotle

The Best 9 Books to Read

The Open Book, by Juan Gris
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Epicurus

The Best 6 Books to Read

Compotier, Carafe and Open Book, by Juan Gris
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Confucius

The Best 6 Books to Read

Book, Pipe and Glasses, by Juan Gris
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The Buddha

The Best 7 Books to Read

Fruit and Book, by Juan Gris
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Marcus Aurelius

The Best 5 Books to Read

The Book, by Juan Gris
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Machiavelli

The Best 5 Books to Read

The Open Book, by Juan Gris
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John Locke

The Best 5 Books to Read

Compotier, Carafe and Open Book, by Juan Gris
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Voltaire

The Best 5 Books to Read

Book, Pipe and Glasses, by Juan Gris
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Immanuel Kant

The Best 6 Books to Read

Fruit and Book, by Juan Gris
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Ralph Waldo Emerson

The Best 5 Books to Read

The Book, by Juan Gris
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Søren Kierkegaard

The Best 6 Books to Read

The Open Book, by Juan Gris
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Henry David Thoreau

The Best 5 Books to Read

Compotier, Carafe and Open Book, by Juan Gris
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Karl Marx

The Best 6 Books to Read

Book, Pipe and Glasses, by Juan Gris
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Fyodor Dostoevsky

The Best 6 Books to Read

Fruit and Book, by Juan Gris
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Leo Tolstoy

The Best 5 Books to Read

Portrait of Friedrich Nietzsche, by Rudolf Köselitz (1883)
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Friedrich Nietzsche

The Best 9 Books to Read

The Open Book, by Juan Gris
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Franz Kafka

The Best 5 Books to Read

Compotier, Carafe and Open Book, by Juan Gris
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Hannah Arendt

The Best 6 Books to Read

Book, Pipe and Glasses, by Juan Gris
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Ayn Rand

The Best 5 Books to Read

Fruit and Book, by Juan Gris
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Simone de Beauvoir

The Best 7 Books to Read

The Book, by Juan Gris
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Albert Camus

The Best 5 Books to Read

The Open Book, by Juan Gris
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Alan Watts

The Best 5 Books to Read

Compotier, Carafe and Open Book, by Juan Gris
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Daniel Dennett

The Best 5 Books to Read

Philosophy’s Best Books

The reading lists above are assembled from hundreds of hours of research, and we’re reviewing and adding new ones all the time. If there’s a particular subject or philosopher you’d like covered, let us know on Instagram here, on Twitter here, or via email here, and we’ll add it to our production queue.

In the meantime, out of all the philosophical reading lists presented above, we’ve selected three of our overall favorite philosophy books to get you started, any of which are sure to whet your appetite and set you on the right path to learning more. Happy philosophizing!

Three of our overall favorite philosophy books to get you started:

1. What Does It All Mean? By Thomas Nagel

What Does It All Mean?, by Thomas Nagel

Thomas Nagel is the brilliant contemporary philosopher behind Mortal Questions and The View From Nowhere. Written in 1987, Nagel’s What Does It All Mean? is a lucid and accessible introduction to philosophy, setting forth the central problems of philosophical inquiry for beginners.

A slim book at just over 100 pages, Nagel covers free will, right and wrong, death, language, the meaning of life and other core topics in clear, illuminating language that anyone interested in philosophy would strongly benefit from reading.

2. Life’s Big Questions, by Philosophy Break

Introduction to Philosophy: Life’s Big Questions

Life’s Big Questions distills philosophy’s best answers to some of life’s most troubling questions. Why does anything exist? Is the world around us ‘real’? What makes us conscious? Do we have free will? How should we approach life Packed full of wisdom from the greatest philosophical minds of the last few millennia, this concise online guide is designed to quickly equip you with philosophy’s most important insights.

Of course, we’re a little biased, as we produced this one — but if you’re seeking to understand the fundamentals of philosophy, and obtain a solid grounding for exactly where you can go to learn more, Life’s Big Questions gets rave reviews, and might be just what you’re looking for!

3. The Last Days of Socrates, by Plato

The Last Days of Socrates, by Plato

Where better to start than with a tome still routinely adored and studied by undergraduate philosophy students to this day?

Plato’s The Last Days of Socrates includes four superb dialogues — Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, and Phaedo — that cover the trial and death of Socrates in 399 BCE.

Serving as an ideal introduction to Plato’s style and the dialogue form generally, the works in this collection are among Plato’s earliest and record Socrates debating the nature of piety, justice, death, and the immortality of the soul in brilliant, highly-charged prose.

Hugely entertaining and wise — a collection to defy anyone who thinks philosophy is boring or stuffy — The Last Days of Socrates belongs on the bookshelf of anyone interested in Plato, Socrates, or philosophy generally.

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